Fidel Castro :: essays research papers

Fidel Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926 (some sources give 1927), on his family's sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente, Province. His father was an immigrant from Galcia, Spain. He attended good Catholic schools in Santiago de Cuba and Havana, where he took the sparten regime at a Jesuit boarding school, Colegio de Belen. In 1945 he enrolled at the University of Havana, graduating in 1950 with a law degree. In 1948, he married Mirta Diaz-Balart and divorced her in 1954. Their son, Fidel Castro Ruz Diaz-Balart, born in 1949, has served as head of Cuba's atomic energy commission. Fidel Castro Ruz, Cuba's enduring "maximum leader," has held power since 1959. He is president (since 1976; formerly prime minister), first secretary of the Cuban Communist party, and commander of the armed forces. His decisions are final on matters of domestic and foreign policy. A member of the social-democratic Orthodoxo party in the late 1940s and 1950s, Castro was an early and vocal opponent of the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. In 1952, he ran for election to the Cuban House of Representatives. But troops led by Batista halted the election and ended democracy in Cuba. As a result of Batista's actions, Castro tried to start a revolution against the Batista dictatorship. He eventually succeeded on January 1, 1959 and took control of the Cuban govenment. Castro, who has no rivals for power, demands the absolute loyalty of those around him. As a lawyer by training, Castro led the Cuban Revolution and transformed the island into the first Communist state in the Western Hemisphere. He has been less than successful as an economic policymaker: Cuba remains a poor country in debt whose livelihood depended on sugar production and Soviet economic aid -- which was cut off after the demise of the Soviet Union.

Case Study Dove Evolution of a Brand

Q1: What was Dove’s market positioning in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? Dove back in the 1950’s had one product that was the â€Å"beauty bar†, it was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesn’t dry out the skin the way soap did. It was marketed through a mix of marketing communication tools like the TV, print media and bill boards. The advertising message was â€Å"Dove soap doesn’t dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream†. All of these ads were illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet.In addition; the ads were shot with natural looking women rather than models to convey the benefits of the product. Dove in 2007 had a mix of personal care products in addition to the soap, such as deodorants, hair care products, facial cleaners, body lotions and hair styling products. It was positioned as aesthetic need for consumers; it didn’t focus on the functional bene fits but on the need to feel good by representing a point of view about the concept of beauty.It delivered this message through campaigns such as Real Beauty and Self-Esteem that questioned the true meaning of beauty, and the high standard that media set to the concept of beauty. Dove used in its campaigns oversized models and elderly women in order to convey the message† Dove shifted from broadcast media to digital media, such as YouTube videos and written blogs. A short movie called evolution was the proof of success as it was viewed 3 million times during three months (it is viewed 15 388 230 times today! . The wide exposure of the digital controversial campaigns gave dove free media on TV, blogs, social networks. TV shows like Today show and Good Morning America talked about these campaigns and Oprah Winfrey show was inspired by the self-esteem campaign and dedicated an episode to discuss the self-esteem concept with centre attention on the dove campaign. Q2: How did Unile ver organize to do product category management and brand management in Unilever before 2000? What was the corresponding structure after 2000?How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the case? Before 2000, Unilever lacked a unified brand identity and brand managers were allowed to set the direction in each geographic region. There was very no control of the brand across the regions where Unilever products were marketed. For example, Unilever produced ice cream under the wall’s brand in the UK and most parts of Asia, The Algida Brand in Italy, Langnese in Germany, Kibon in Brazil, Ola in the Netherlands, and Ben & Jerry’s and Breyers in the United States.Unilever organized their marketing using a brand management system, offering multiple brands within product categories. Each brand operated independently with its own brand manager who had the responsibilities of a general manager. In February 2000, Unilever initiated a five-ye ar strategic plan called â€Å"Path to Growth† in order to centralize the company’s brand portfolio and to create a unified global identity. Unilever reduced the number of brands from 1,600 to 400 and changed its brand management strategy.Under the new Masterbrands strategy, global brand categories were established for each Masterbrand, which were responsible for creating a global vision and inspiring cooperation from all geographic markets. Under this strategic initiative, the responsibility for a brand was split between two groups: Brand Development that is responsible for advertising, strategy, innovation, and long-term market share; It is global in scope. And Brand Building that is decentralized according to region; accountable for growth, profit, cash flow, and short-term market share.Before 2000, according to the traditional media that has been used and the fixed message of dove as, the brand meaning was tight and centered on a specific concept that dove is a uni que soap that is ? cleansing cream or moisturizing cream. In the time of the case study, and after the exposure of the creative campaigns, the brand meaning is open because of the unique message it delivered which was a point a view, this provoked discussions and debates about the real beauty of women. Q3: Spend a little time searching blogs to get a sense of what people are/were saying about Dove.What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand? I searched many blogs talking about dove, in particular the self-esteem and Real beauty campaigns. I noticed that a lot of bloggers counted on statics that were published by dove about self-esteem and beauty and show an emotional link to the campaign, for example a blogger named Jennifer Beer wrote after addressing some of dove’s facts about self-esteem: â€Å"When I read these statistics, it made me cry. As a mother of a daughter I'd hate to see er become part of these statistics, so I will make sure to tell her eve ry day how beautiful she is† In addition, the blogs illustrated a great engagement of the audience in the campaign, a blogger named Blythe Newsome said in the beginning of a blog that was describing her experience with dove self-esteem campaign: â€Å"When I heard about the Dove Self-Esteem Movement I knew I wanted to get involved†. Another blog I found on wordpress. com, praised Dove for using ordinary women as models in its advertisement to change women’s attitudes about beauty as well as how they perceived themselves.I found a sarcastic funny blog at Bros fail blogs wondering how will dove’s â€Å"real beauty campaign† looks like if it was for men, with this picture attached to the blog! I think all of the blogs that I reviewed reflects the massive success of the campaigns, the amount of exposure that they received over the free digital media is phenomenal weather it’s a positive feedback or a funny picture! Such exposure would help any co mpany gaining a market share and retaining the message of the brand because of its controversy and open end horizons.Those discussions and reviews contribute powerful meaning to the brand in a positive way. Q4: Footnote 1 of the case leads you to a blogger who asks, with reference to the age of YouTube advertising, â€Å"Is marketing now cheap, fast and out of control? † Footnote 2 refers to Dove as having started a conversation â€Å"that they don’t have control of. † In â€Å"When Tush comes to Dove†, Seth Stevenson writes about the â€Å"risky bet that Dove is making. † Do you see risks for the Dove brand? Seth Stevenson’s article, When Tush Comes to Dove suggests that Dove is taking too much risk.The brand’s nontraditional marketing may lead consumers, or potential customers, to believe that Dove products are for unattractive, over-weight women, or those who don’t consider themselves to be beautiful. I don’t think th is might happen, because the message doesn’t send a counter message that beautiful women aren’t beautiful! The message brings up the issue of beauty for specific segment of women. In addition; such campaign would add to the value of the brand because of the contribution in the awareness of the people as part of its social responsibility obligations.Furthermore, dove is the pioneer in the market to launch such campaign, and it might create a new trend for competitors to follow. I believe dove took the first mover advantage out of these campaigns. Let’s assume that it this negative effect that Stevenson’s talked about would occur, according to Exhibit 4 a total of 18% of respondents think that they are beautiful, sexy, attractive, pretty and stunning. If they consider the received message as negative and stopped using dove products; it wouldn’t be a great loss comparing to the 82% that will get a positive message.

The Vietnam War, Grandpas Story - 1281 Words

â€Å"The Vietnam war was a costly and very long conflict that eroded the communist regime of North Vietnam and its allies against the South Vietnam and its ally, us the United States of America (Unknown Source).† The Vietnam War began on the eve of 1959, causing a struggle between two of our major national forces. These two forces were attempting to unify the country the both love, Vietnam. Many of the young souls were young men, such as my grandfather who felt that they were helping their country. Like my grandpa, many of the soldiers have not served in a war before, and were recruited into the war. The troops of the United States knew who they were fighting, which was the North Vietnam, however, they had no idea of what kind of enemy they†¦show more content†¦My grandpa told me, that I soon looked up that the Special Forces placed many of their defense groups in villages. First the goal was to protect, however the goal surely shifted to focus on the surveillance on the North Vietnam, giving inside missions to detect and interdict enemy infiltration routes. My grandfather’s story was an amazing one. While he talked he spoke about so much passion the soldiers had fighting in the war. He told the story how the one day he had to go out into battle. The United States troops fought in the horrible plains, and tangled, unbearable woods. They walked through swamps, and lived in horrible conditions. My grandpa said that being on the field there was an almost seventy percent chance of being killed. The living conditions were so bad than many of the soldiers died along the way while moving locations. Everyone was on standby, and they didn’t have many tents to live in while they traveled. Tents carried extra weight while traveling. The Vietnam War, changed the life of many soldiers. Paw paw said that there was not enough food for everyone during the war. While the United States was trying to give food to their troops as well as give food to the South Vietnamese, as they fought in battle as well. The food was rationed, if they ate at all however it was a simple price to pay. While fighting to help the South Vietnamese. My grandfather spoke aboutShow MoreRelatedSearch For New Hope : Hieu Nguyen1315 Words   |  6 Pages In Search for New Hope: Hieu Nguyen The Vietnam War was an expensive and fatal conflict, which happened within the North and South Vietnam regions. The Northern communist government and their southern allies, the Viet Cong, were heavily against South Vietnam and their benevolent allies, the United States. And their main purpose of the Vietnam War was to reassemble the country of Vietnam under the rule of communism. From the perspective of the Viet Cong, the conflict against the South and UnitedRead MoreWar Is An Evil To Mankind That Can Bring Devastation Downfall1589 Words   |  7 PagesWar is an evil to mankind that can bring devastation downfall for human existence. Those who withstand such catastrophic experience deserve all respects from all of us for all the bloodshed they have sacrificed. They are the real life heroes of men and women. My grandfather; Than Pham, and my uncle; Tuan Pham are veterans who survive through the Vietnam civil wars in 1960-1975. I feel really honor to have them as part of my family an d be able to hear war stories from both of them. They take in accountRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was An Expensive And Fatal Conflict Between The North And South Vietnam1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was an expensive and fatal conflict between the North and South Vietnam regions. The communist government from the north and their southern allies, the Viet Cong, were heavily against South Vietnam and their benevolent allies, the United States. The main purpose of the Vietnam War was to reassemble the country of Vietnam under the rule of communism. From the perspective of the Viet Cong, the conflict against the South and United States seemed as a colonial strife. During this timeRead MoreWendigo Essay739 Words   |  3 Pagesdesire to feast on the flesh of humans. My story is about the Wendigo. My story was told to me by my Grandfather when I was young as a way not to go into the woods alone its a smart way to scare a young child into doing what you want. The story was about my Grandfathers last hunting trip in the woods. The year was 1973 My Grandfather being 27 a young courageous man hes been through the hell that was vietnam and though he could do anything after the war. My Grandfathers friends names were John andRead MoreCompare and Contrast Grandparents Importance867 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Few can bring the warmth we can find in their embrace, and little more is needed to bring love than the smile on their face. They ve a supply of precious stories, yet they ve time to wipe a tear, or give us reasons to make us laugh. They grow more precious through the years. I believe that God sent us Grandparents, as our legacy from above, to share the moments of our life as extra measures of His love.†(www.the parentsday.com) Some kids really don’t realize how m uch they lose when they don’tRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesready to tackle the more difficult Exercises at the end of each chapter. ────1 Lets continue with our introduction to the principles of logical reasoning. (There are quite a few more principles to be uncovered.) For example, in the camping-trip story, you paid attention both to what Juanita said and to what Emilio said, and you wished there was a park ranger 1 The answer to the present Concept Check is (b), even though there is an error in the encyclopedia because King was really assassinated

Climate Change Refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 704 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Ecology Essay Tags: Climate Change Essay Refugee Essay Did you like this example? Environmental refugees: The dawn of the 21st century has brought about many climatic calamities. The most significant is climate change with all its relative environmental and social issues. It is confirmed that climate change will inevitably cause critical rises in sea levels due to global warming and melting polar ice caps, unpredictable and extreme climatic trends and dramatically decreased habitability of some sovereign lands for examples hurricanes, floods and volcanoes etc. There is a risk that carry-on effects will continue displace regions and further degrade the environment, post-mitigation. Residents of these nations can be temporarily or permanently displaced from their homeland. These environmentally displaced persons would be nominally known as environmental refugees. Currently, the concept of an environmental refugee is not officially acknowledged throughout the world. This is proved the fact that no international legal consensus has seriously considered the existence of ‘environmental refugees‘. Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Climate Change Refugees" essay for you Create order Essam El-Hinnawi in a report named Environmental Refugees1firstly defined environmental refugees as â€Å"those people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption†¦ that jeopardized their existence and or seriously affected the quality of their life† These environmental refugees arises many issues. Firstly, It regards to definition of â€Å"environmental refugees† since it would be abused if there is no clear and official definition. Secondly, it is question about immigration to new host nations. Who will be responsible to help these people? There is a call for setting up new convention or alternatively amending the pre-existing convention to protect environmental refugees. Last but not least, It is about the feasibility that these environmental displaced persons persist maintaining their nation’s sovereignty after building up new life in the new nations. Moreover, to what extent the cultural heritage and national identity of these displaced persons is recognized once after immigration. Climate change Refugees: The dawn of the 21st century has brought about many climatic calamities. The most significant is climate change with all its relative environmental and social issues. It is confirmed that climate change will inevitably cause critical rises in sea levels due to global warming and melting polar ice caps. It is acknowledged that by 2080 the flood risk for people living on small island states will be on average 200 times larger than if there had been no global warming, and the risk will be increased if the melting of continental ice sheets continues at present rates. Residents of these nations can be permanently displaced from their homeland. These environmentally displaced persons would be known as climate change. There are many arising issues with respect to the climate change refugees. Firstly, it is an possibility to abuse this term to illegally immigrate into new countries. Secondly, it is question about immigration to new host nations. Who will be responsible to help these people? There is a call for setting up new convention or alternatively amending the pre-existing convention to protect environmental refugees. Finally, It is about the feasibility that these environmental displaced persons persist maintaining their nation’s sovereignty after building up new life in the new nations. Moreover, to what extent the cultural heritage and national identity of these displaced persons is recognized once after immigration. . The questionable issues leading to our confusion would be stated as following: . |Environmental Refugees |Climate change Refugees | |The scale of issue with respect to project’s boundary: | |Big, broad and difficult since there is no clear and recognized |Fairly simple since this topic has been officially mentioned and | |definition of this term. However, we are interested at this |discussed in formal meetings and summits throughout the world | |challenging issue | | |Definition | |The displaced persons are due to environmental disaster including|It is clearly stated that the displaced persons are due to | |climate change and other impacts namely hurricanes or |climate change most likely focusing on sea level rising. |volcanoes(again, these disasters are not directly caused by human| | |activity like climate change but it is debatable that humans are | | |partially responsible for these Acts of God in term of frequency | | |and intensity) | | |Status of these refugees | | |Permanently displaced from their homeland that would sink down to|temporarily left their homeland and maybe can comeback after the | |ocean forever. |disasters in short or long time |

Parenthood And Its Effects On The United States - 853 Words

Planned Parenthood There is an ongoing argument about the funding of Planned Parenthood in the United States. There are many reasons that some people do not want to fund it. One of those reasons is because Planned Parenthood offers abortions to women. There are people who believe that these operations should be shut down to rid our country of abortions. However, Planned Parenthood offers much more than just abortions in their clinics. Planned Parenthood should be funded because of the examinations and resources they provide, the education they give, and because it is a low income health center. Planned Parenthood offers access to many important health examinations, procedures, treatments and medications. They offer breast cancer and cervical cancer exams. They test for STI’s, HPV and UTI’s to name a few. All of these tests and exams are preventative actions to not only see if someone has a health issue, but also to prevent health issues. They provide birth control to women who are not ready to have children. They also offer abortions. However, Planned Parenthood has decreased the number of abortions per year overall, including Vermont where Title X was passed to fund operations such as Planned Parenthood. This is because Planned Parenthood offers birth control therefore preventing unwanted pregnancies which may have ended in abortion (Zoppo 497). It is also important to note that Federal funding of Planned Parenthood does not fund abortions except â€Å"for cases of rape,Show MoreRelatedShould The Government Defund Planned Parenthood?1693 Words   |  7 Pag esShould the Government Defund Planned Parenthood? About a century ago, a small birth-control clinic was opened by Margaret Sanger in Brooklyn, New York. Women and families travelled to this clinic to learn about contraceptives and the perils of self-administered abortions. This was unheard of at the time, to teach a woman how to stop pregnancy in a world where the highest aspiration of a woman was supposed to become a mother. However, very soon after this clinic opened, Sanger was put incarceratedRead MoreHistorical Perspective Of The Services Provided And The Funding Or Lack Thereof1362 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Perspective of the Services Provided and the Funding or Lack Thereof Planned Parenthood is an organization dedicated to fighting for women’s health and rights as well as equality (History and Success, 2015). Margaret Sanger, an activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse is credited for finding the organization. She knew the effects firsthand of what women went through when dealing with an unwanted pregnancy. Her mother birth eighteen children and out of the eighteen, eleven survived. AsRead MorePlanned Parenthood Is A Widely Known Nonprofit Organization.1046 Words   |  5 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a widely known nonprofit organization. They are the health care provider for millions of people within our nation. When people hear the words Planned Parenthood they automatically assume abortion. Yes, abortion is a service that they offer yet, they deliver much more than that. They deliver and educate us about birth control, cancer, men and women’s sexual health, pregnancy, sexual orientation and offer the Morning-After Pill (emergency cont raception) and sexually transmittedRead MoreThe First Birth Control Pill1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of Planned Parenthood, the first birth control pill is developed by Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and M.C. Chang. However, in 1956 the pill underwent the first human trial. The side effects were less than satisfactory, leading to the development of the first FDA approved oral contraceptive in 1960. By 1965, through the approval for married couples, by the U.S. Supreme Court, to use birth control, one in four women under the age of 45 had used the pill. In 1967 New York State legalized abortionRead MoreEugenics and Planned Parenthood Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation and be merciful to those yet to be born, again determined also by race and intelligence. The similarities in purpose actually brought the two organizations together to form a â€Å"liberating movement† to â€Å"aid women† known today as Planned Parenthood (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). The name may sound harmless, but the movement hid a darker purpose, to wean out the lower and less educated in order to create a perfect class. When created in 1923, the American Eugenics Society exemplified anRead MoreA Look Into Abortion s History1322 Words   |  6 Pages1970 abortions were illegal in the United States. It was then when the now popular Roe v. Wade case took place which saw the Supreme Court make any laws regarding the prevention of early-stage abortions unconstitutional. An abortion can be defined as an early termination of an unwanted pregnancy. As a topic of controversy there are many aspects of abortion that are constantly being debated. For example, moral and legal obligations, support from federal and state funding and the debate of whether thereRead MoreAbortion And Abortion1002 Words   |  5 PagesEven though religion has been used to make abortion an issue of morality, which fundamentally it is, we have to keep in mind how central the topic of abortion has been to the political atmosphere throughout the United States and more so, in Capitol Hill. The Republican’s counterpart, Democrats have accepted importance abortion has across party lines, as highlighted by Politico : â€Å"the politics of abortion are already vexing vulnerable senators from both parties on the 2018 ballot† (Schor 2017). MoreRead MoreThe New Nuclear Family: Problems Benefits in Single Parenthood804 Words   |  4 PagesFamilies supported by single parenthood are no longer viewed as nontraditional. Becoming apart of the social norm, 27% of the families in the United States are headed by only one single parent. As more single-parent families begin to emerge in North America, the public brings concern to examine the outcomes of these households for the wellbeing of children. Overall, financial difficulties and possible negative effects for children are two main issues of single-parenthood. However, a number positiveRead MorePro-Life: Abortion is Unethical and Immoral Essay example1606 Words   |  7 Pagesof women performed illegal abortions using old fashioned methods resulting in serio us infections and in many cases death. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court, with a 7-2 vote, ruled in Norma L. McCorvey‘s favor declaring that the government could not restrict or interfere with a woman’s ability to obtain an abortion hence legalizing abortion in all 50 states (Clifton par.1). This was known as the Roe Vs. Wade case. Appalled by the decision, pro- life activists attempted to abolish Roe in theRead MoreThe Debate Over The Abortion Debate1097 Words   |  5 Pagesaround the age old debate is now attacking organizations that offer such procedures, vilifying the entire organization for only one service it offers. This vilification has continuously gained momentum for ages, but it was the attack upon Planned Parenthood earlier this year that has brought the debate to head once again. Recently Pro-Life groups took up arms to destroy the organization that they believed that had fetal â€Å"corpses [being] desecrated for profit† (Moore 3), a phrase they use to ignite

Plp- Bings Competitive Advantages Free Essays

â€Å"Bing† it on Google Introduction Mark Penn is taking a big leap by leaving his firm to work for Microsoft on a mission to fix Bing. The company is faced with becoming a competitive leader in the search engine area. Penn believes he can enter Microsoft with a different strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Plp- Bings Competitive Advantages or any similar topic only for you Order Now To improve Bing, Penn believes he needs Stack Ranking, which focuses product developers away from getting industry-leading products to market faster than the competition. According to the article, not including the marketing or the billions of dollars put into Bing, Google accounted for 69% of the searches in June alone. They say the key strategy to turn this company around would be to come up with an approach that would make Bing a different kind of search engine compared to Google. Analysis As stated above, Microsoft is trying to take the number one spot for the most used search engine. A competitive advantage can be defined as a firm’s ability to create value in a way that its rivals cannot. Microsoft and Yahoo! introduced Bing in 2009, which allows users to search for information regarding almost anything. While being introduced to everyone in 2009 other search engines were available. Bing’s competitive advantage over the others was that Bing offered subcategories onto the organic search results, allowing the user to quickly see the search results in logical groups. This is an issue for Bing because they are not the only company that offers these types of search engine results and no longer have a competitive advantage in the market on this basis. Another advantage with Bing, you get â€Å"enhanced results† which can also be taken as intelligently organized results that you can receive quickly and efficiently. Because of these enhanced results, many people chose to use the Bing search engine over Google but in recent years, other search engines have put a greater emphasis on their speed and results and are bypassing Bing. If Bing still had any competitive advantage, it would be that it offers enhanced results in search engines, however it has been proven for most businesses that use other competitors’ search engines their speed and results are sufficient and they prefer them to Bing. This is evident which stated before that 69% of the search engine users chose Google over the 25. 6% for Bing. What hurt the Microsoft Company is that Bing was doing so poorly to the point they offered Penn a position to help â€Å"fix† Bing. This could make or break Bing seeing whether Penn can differentiate this search engine compared to the others. This will be difficult for Penn seeing that he lacks search engine product development expertise. No matter how speedy this search engine is or how well the results are, if Penn does not find a way to improve Bings market share this will be just a fad that the Microsoft has gone through and Google will continue doing well. Conclusions To be successful in any market you need to be able to compete and this is where Bing falls short. In order to make this search engine more successful Microsoft needs to come up with a more sufficient business strategy. They need to figure out where they best fit in and differentiate themselves from other companies. They also need to figure out their goals, and objectives, which will make it easier for them to target their users. If they were to apply their business to the VRINE model, they would quickly notice that their search engine is replaceable and has no ways to set their company’s search engines apart from others. I believe they are taking the right steps by trying to offer different options on their website but I think they will need to do more since they do not offer the same kind of links that Google does such as Gmail or Google Maps. I think that while Mark Penn is focusing on making Bing better in the market share area and the rest of Microsoft management needs to place a strong focus on finding innovators that can help Bing become a major competitor once again. Title- Can Mark Penn Fix Microsoft’s Bing? Date-7/23/2012 Website-http://www. forbes. com/sites/petercohan/2012/07/23/can-mark-penn-fix-microsofts-bing/2/ Citation-Cohan, Peter. â€Å"Can Mark Penn Fix Microsoft’s Bing? † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 23 July 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. . How to cite Plp- Bings Competitive Advantages, Papers

Oil & Gas in Federal Systems

Questions: 1. Impact of oil and gas exploration, production and distribution on environmental air?2. The measures that can reduce the impact from the environment?3. The efficient approach considered for implementing new technology for mitigating the environmental damage? Answers: Introduction The concept of environmental management deals with the maintenance of balance of nature which is aiming for an overall sustainable development. At present, the growth of pollution of land, water and air has posed to be a great threat for many lives on earth. There are number of problems arising due to the rate growing pollution in the environment and this is a matter of grave concern for the business sector and society, at large. Owing to the decaying issue of the land, water and air there are number of researchers conducted for reducing the effect of environmental damage and help developing the nature (Dale, 2014). In this respect the impacts of the different business sectors on the environment have been studied and it has been found that functioning oil and gas exploration sector is affecting the environment in the adverse manner. This paper has dealt with the study of impact of oil and gas exploration, production and distribution on air, measures that can help reduce the impact an d the efficient approaches adapted with regard to environmental management. 1. Impact of oil and gas exploration, production and distribution on environmental air The concept of oil and gas exploration is one of the most important factors considered for fuelling the economies. With the passage of time and tide the demand for oil and gas is increasing owing to the requirement of energy for running industries, cities and lives. Therefore, the oil producing sector is also trying every means of exploration to produce more oils and gas and distributing the same in different parts of the world. However, in the process of such exploration, production and distribution the environment is getting affected and is contributing to the decaying of air, water and land (Freedman and Jaggi, 2010). This is considered that the dependency of the global community on oil and gas for the production of energy is another main concern which is hampering the environment. As reported that nearly 63 percent of energy requirement of the world is met from the production of oil and gas and then comes the other sources. This is the main reason that reducing the ecological sid e effects has become a challenging factor for the oil producing firms, regulatory bodies and the society. The air emission due to the oil and gas production has been increasing the climatic footprint. The primary gases aggravating the rate of pollution of the air are carbon dioxide, volatile organic carbons, carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides and methane. The oil and gas production sector is considered to be one of the main contributors to the economic growth but, on the other hand this sector is also accounted as the primary contributor to the rate of air emission. The regular expelling processes and case of leaks in the course of natural gas extraction, production and distribution leads to the emission of green houses gases in the air and polluting the atmosphere (Gokcekus, et al., 2010). Not only the leaking and routing venting methods are augmenting the rate of air pollution but also, the other components involved in the entire of process of oil and gas production like the pumps, compressors gauges, valves, pipe connectors and flanges are enhancing the rate of air pollutants. The uni ntentional leaks and intentional venting of gases by the oil and gas sector, emits methane (CH4) in the air which are coming from the oil production areas, wells and storage tanks. The engines and other sources of combustion related with the streaming of natural gas and oil are producing emissions contaminating the air with predominant methane gas (Hill and Gale, 2009). The process often results in the creation of fog or ground level ozone and also contains the benzene known as the hazardous and harmful pollutant in the air. Thus, the air pollution is resulting in the growth of global warming, also affecting the health of human being in the harmful manner and also questioning the existence of the number of animal species on earth. Further, the use of such oil and gas products are also enhancing the rate of pollution in the air when the same are used for the generation of energy. The use of oil products are resulting in the formation of airborne particulates which is also hampering the air quality and health of human beings (Kahraman and Baig, 2010). The burning of gases is accounted to be the most eminent source of air emissions along with the processes combustion and venting and all such processes are resulting in production of more carbon dioxide in the air and other harmful gases. Despite, the mounting problem of polluting the air, the technological advancements are further accelerating the demand and use of oils and gas production (Mohamed and Al-Thukair, 2008). Therefore, in the midst of such increa sing demand this has become a challenging aspect to reduce the level of air pollution which is resulting from the exploration, production and distribution of oil and gas. 2. The measures that can reduce the impact from the environment Despite, the fact that reducing the air pollution from the oil and gas production is quite a challenging aspect for the regulatory bodies and environmentalists yet, there are number of policies getting implemented in this respect. Therefore, from the context of environmental management the Section 4 and 5 has been introduced so as to help regulate the rate of air pollution and environmental damages (Kenny and Meadowcroft, 2009). There are number of preventive and pro active measures considered by the oil and gas producing sector and each of the measures are administered by certain programmes under the supervision of able personnel. Cleaner Production, Pollution Prevention and Eco Efficiency are some of the eminent programs which are regarded as the eminent measures for reducing the rate of environmental pollutions and promote the sustainable existence (Speight, 2013). There are more regulatory measures which have been formulated by international standard setters such as the Internati onal Standards Organization ISO 9000 are setting the limit for quality management and for the environmental management the ISO 14000 has been implemented. Therefore, when it comes to the explorations of oils and gas there are number of measures which are to be considered by the companies in the concerned sector (Thiele, 2013). At the initial stage a thorough environmental analysis in the area of exploration should be considered by the firms to determine the protected areas. Thus, contribute to the selection of list sensitive area and also the following of the process of directional drilling is the effective measure of reduce the environmental impact (Lightbown, 2015). The areas of lower ecological value are mainly selected by the firms, also consulting with the local authorities and stakeholders, avoiding the areas which are prone to flood and the consideration of cluster drilling is considered to be an effective measure of reducing the footprints. The other measures comprise of the steps involving the minimization of loss of vegetation and also minimize the rate of cutting timber and following of the block and soil erosion method shou ld be followed. The well tested burners should be used for burning the gas and oil and in the process the rate of H2S emission should be controlled (Anderson, 2012). 3. The efficient approach considered for implementing new technology for mitigating the environmental damage There are number of technological interventions and approaches have been implemented in the process of oil and gas exploration and production process so as reduce its impact on the environment. Further, the oil and gas producing sector has also adapted a number of technological methods for prevention of air pollution and has been very pro active towards the process of attainment of sustainability (Andrade and Renaud, 2011). Therefore, along with the regulatory measures and scientific advancements, following to process optimization studies new improved methods of pollution control have been followed by the oil and gas production sector. The opportunities of reducing emission have been administered from the formulation of process optimization studies conducted by the concerned sector. The technological advancements have resulted in up-gradation design of valve and this is considered that the new improved valve design would result in decrement of fugitive emission. The improvement of fl are outlay has already augmented the affectivity of the combustion process as; the flare gas and natural gas level recovery has improved from before with the technological methods and innovations (Fowler, Dise and Sheppard, 2016). This is considered to be one of the effective approaches in reduction of air emission. The development of more effective gas turbines followed with the adherence to more proficient maintenance regimen have resulted in the magnificent result and helped the sector to gain efficiency is controlling the rate of air emission to a certain extent. Moreover, the consideration of optimizing of the gas turbine has also added to the growth in the sustainability practices of the entire sector on the global platform (Agbalagba, et al., 2013). There are numerous technological innovations and methods got implemented augmenting the efficiency of fuel such as the electric power distribution, steam injection, the recovery of waste heat and many more along with application of the methods conversion of energy, have all contributed to the efficiency of the overall system. Simultaneously the use of technologies selective catalyst reduction and the steam injection are introduced and used for the reduction of air emission. Recommendation The growth of air pollution is affecting the health and safety of public and other animals in the most adverse manner and also questioning the factor of sustainable environment. Therefore, this would be highly suggestible to the for policy makers to adhere to the methods of environmental management while framing and implementing the rules and regulations. Further, the firm involved with the production of oil and gas must conduct their business operations in the most responsible manner and they should consider a series of measures in the process of exploration, production and distribution (Tomlinson, 2010). In the process there are some of the measures which might enhance the costs of the business such as, a thorough survey of the land and leaving the land which might simulate the rate of environmental pollution and consulting with the stakeholders but, the firms must follow all the measures. The measures might contradict with the profit targets of the organization but, for value enhancement and most importantly to ensure the business continuity and sustainability. This is highly recommended to the oil producers to follow the restoration plans and reduce the trace of oil extraction from the areas after the process. Moreover, the uses of advanced technology for controlling the leaking of gas like methane, carbon dioxide and more into the air. The use of more efficient gas turbines can result in lesser pollution in the air (Yang and Sun, 2012). Along with the usage of advanced technology this would be further suggestible to educate their employees to follow the responsible business approach and adhere to a maintenance regimen for more effective and responsible functioning of the oil gas production plant. Conclusion This is clear from the study that reducing the rate of air pollution is quite a challenging task taking into account the ever increasing requirement of oil and gas for energy production, yet; the following of technological modes can help facilitate in the environmental management process. The joining of international and national laws and the adaptation of improved technologies, in the process of explorations and distribution by the oils and gas have resulted some encouraging and positive outcomes when it comes to the reduction of rate of environmental damages. Most of the oil and gas producing companies willingly and also under the obligations of political measures, welcomed the use of new technologies in the oil processing endeavour and this has been efficiently contributing to the reduction of air pollutants from air. 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