Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism free essay sample

Judaism additionally doesn’t give a depiction of existence in the wake of death. Hinduism is polytheistic, and the prophets of every religion are unique. Hinduism can't follow to right back when it was made. It is a blend of every unique conviction. It likewise has faith in truth, trustworthiness, peacefulness, determination and compensation. A few similitudes between these three are that Judaism and Buddhism both don’t stress existence in the wake of death, the two of them don’t permit being mean to other people, and the two religions don’t get themselves into convincing to switch over to their religion. Judaism and Hinduism are similar on the grounds that the two of them are extremely old religions, both are monotheistic, and both have sacrosanct composition, Hinduism has Vedas and Judaism has Tanakh. Buddhism and Hinduism are comparative since the two of them have confidence in karma, the two of them have faith in certain profound practices like contemplation and fixation, the two of them have faith in want is the reason for anguish, the two of them began and developed in the Indian soil, the author of Buddhism was Hindu who got known as the Buddha. We will compose a custom paper test on Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Buddhism, Judaism, and Hinduism are for the most part extraordinary and comparative from multiple points of view.

Career Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Profession Development - Assignment Example l companiesâ chooseâ to scan for competitors through their ownâ privateâ systemâ where each candidateâ has been recognizedâ by a known source, and this can result to a high â€Å"hit rate† of beneficial recruits for the methodology. The â€Å"push†Ã¢ factorâ involves connecting with theâ possibleâ employers andâ likelyâ co-laborers. This ought to be done on a social premise as an understudy, partner or aâ mentorâ and not as an occupation searcher. Through this, I am ready to push through the opening for work. In spite of the explanation, I mustâ recognizeâ the above the real world, and the best strategy to deal with theâ unseenâ job showcase is to connect for it. To achieve this, I should be capable toâ seekâ out forâ jobâ chances that may be available or will beâ present, and those that do exist (Joyce, 2008). Iâ believeâ that where there is smoke, there is fire. Therefore, as I look atâ jobâ chances inâ specificâ companies, there is the likelihood that more opportunitiesâ are not listed. If at all they are employing, at that point that demonstrates that there are different open doors either accessible forâ hire, or are destined to-be endorsed (Joyce, 2008). I should notâ submitâ applications for incongruent occupations to attempt andâ getâ others. Be that as it may, utilize the contact request toâ commenceâ the organizing into the organization. Over the span of my ownâ association, Iâ observeâ who I can connect with to ask about different possibilities that might be coming up at the organization. It isâ crucialâ that I associate with companions and neighbors. Because Iâ am unemployedâ at the occasion, Iâ keepâ theâ prideâ awayâ and interface with companions and neighbors. Through this, I am capable toâ askâ everyone in the event that they know â€Å"who is hiring?† This is another technique toâ beginâ the exploratory procedure I mustâ utilizeâ toâ diveâ into the employments thatâ are covered up. It isâ significantâ toâ seeâ into what's to come. Offer for instructive orâ casualâ interviewâ is aâ meansâ forâ being consideredâ forâ potentialâ opportunities. Different recruiting chiefs love toâ maintainâ their

Guide to Value-Based Pricing

Guide to Value-Based Pricing Determining a price for your product or a service is among the most important business decisions you need to make. Without the right price, you can make or break a business. It can impact your sales figures, your profit margins and your ability to pay the bills, among other things.While there are different ways of optimizing your pricing strategy, this guide will explore one of your options: value-based pricing. © Shutterstock | Rawpixel.comWe’ll explain what value-based pricing means and the benefits, as well as the downsides to using this strategy. We’ll then provide you a simple four-step guide to determining a value-based price for your product or service.WHAT IS VALUE-BASED PRICING?Value-based pricing means determining the price of a product or a service based on the benefits it provides for the consumer. You are essentially attaching a price to your product or service based on what the consumers think the product is worth.When you are using value-based pricing you are trying to reach equilibrium where you are maximizing your revenue, yet charging the customers an amount, which they are also willing to pay.As an example, value-based pricing is different from cost-plus pricing. Cost-plus pricing determines the price of a product or service based on the costs of making it. Therefore, if a sock costs $3 to make â€" including labor, materials and so on â€" and the company wants a 50% p rofit, the price it charges would be $4.5.On the other hand, value-based pricing would focus on determining what value consumers put on the product and therefore would be willing to pay. It might be that the socks are sold in harsh conditions and they are extra good at keeping your feet warm. This could mean the consumer would pay $8 for the socks.The above example highlights the situations where value-based pricing is most commonly used. It works the best when the company offers something unique or high-value features for the customer. A company offering an almost indistinguishable product or service from its competitors, such as basic socks, is unlikely to benefit from value-based pricing. For common and largely available products, the value customers attach to the product is likely low.Furthermore, value-based pricing is often used in service industry, where the product or service doesn’t require many tangible costs. For example, copy writing or image editing are services, whic h generally use value-based pricing. These don’t have many running costs, like materials, and the results are typically based on the valuation of the customer.[slideshare id=57791372doc=slidesharewhatisvaluebasedpricing-160202165411w=640h=330]THE PROS AND CONS OF VALUE-BASED PRICING MODELLike any pricing strategy, value-based pricing has its pros and cons. Before you decide to use the model for your business, it’s essential to consider how the benefits and downsides relate to your business.The benefitsDue to value-based pricing’s focus on customer research and understanding, the pricing model is a valuable method for understanding and serving your customers better. In order to determine the price, you’ll need to survey customers and improve your understanding of the things they are looking for with the product or service. This enhanced understanding won’t just help you determine the price; it’ll also help you provide better service.In addition, your extensive research ca n help develop better quality products or services. You’ll be required to research your competition and analyze their pricing strategies and the value customers put on those products or services. This can help understand what aspects in the product or service matter the most. You can use this information to improve your product or service focusing on the things that provide the most value for your customer and therefore, help you increase the price.Overall, you need to understand the demand and the value of the product or service on offer in more detail, which can eventually lead to improvements in profit margins. In many cases, a product’s value to the customer is higher when the product has a positive and beneficial impact on the customer. With a high-quality service like this, the demand can further drive up the price. If your business only focuses on the costs of production or the hourly rate of creating the service, it might be missing revenue. The true value of the product can be much higher than the hourly labor costs, if the impact of the product for the customer is high.Furthermore, since you are developing high-quality focus, with the emphasis on the qualities the customer is actually looking for, the overall costs of creating the product or service can go down. You’re not focusing on aspects customers don’t like or don’t value and you can enhance your abilities regarding the features they are looking for. This can help develop and train employees; a process, which can in time drive down the production or servicing costs.Furthermore, listen to the tips from Chris Lema on value based pricing. The downsidesPerhaps the major issue with value-based pricing is how difficult it can be to get it right. The model requires more time and resources than some of the other pricing models, where you can calculate the figure from existing numbers. Figuring out the value of your product will force you to research your product, your customer-base and your m arket. Unlike with cost-plus pricing, you can’t view production costs and just determine profit margins, but you have to understand the worth of your product and service to your customer.In addition, value-based pricing is not a precise method. You’re going to have to tweak your figures, which might add some pressure on your business’ finances. Testing out the different prices can also be difficult when you are handling customer relations, as you can’t change your pricing model dramatically without it impacting your existing partnerships.Since the model won’t provide 100% accuracy, you’ll need to regularly assess and adjust the pricing, even after you’ve found the ‘sweet spot’. The value customers place on your product or service can change, forcing you to look ahead to stay on top of trends on the market.STEPS TO DETERMINE A VALUE-BASED PRICEAs mentioned above, value-based pricing is a pricing method that requires meticulous research. Therefore, the process can se em a little daunting. But you can determine value-based pricing for your products or services by following these four steps.Step 1: Do your research on your product and serviceThe first step is about conducting research on your product and service. You need to examine the different elements of your business, what it takes to get each of them done and the unique value each element provides to the customer.Start examining your product or service by answering the following questions:What are the different elements you are offering? Each product and service consists of different elements. For example, accounting software might include the actual physical software, a cloud-based service, servicing for later and the installation.Do you offer these elements separately or are they always included in the final product? You might choose to offer different types of packages, such as only the software or the software and installation together.What materials and other such costs might be include d in the price? It’s naturally always a good idea to consider certain costs your product or service entails, even though you are using the value-based pricing as a model.What is the typical timeline for delivering the different elements? Examine how quickly you are able to deliver the service or product from the moment the customer orders it. You should consider the fastest delivery, as well as delivery for times when you have plenty of other projects on-going.What are the different elements and qualities you are offering, which your competitors aren’t? Explore your competitors’ products as well and outline the ways your service differs from theirs.When you are answering the above questions, keep in mind any previous work you’ve done. For example, in terms of determining timelines for delivery, you can base your schedule on the previous work you’ve done.Good places to start researching your competition include industry analyst reports from analyst firms like Gartner and Al exa. You should also visit the company’s website, blog and social media platform and see what they are doing there in terms of product or service value.After you’ve done your research, you can estimate prices for each element. You can use previous pricing strategies and information based on competition. For example, you might have previously charged $200 for a company brand design, but your research might indicate your competitors are charging anything between $100 and $600. Keep tab of these different price alternatives for later.Step 2: Identify and analyze your customersYour second step involves the identification and analysis of your customer. You must understand who your potential customer is, in order to fully appreciate what they are looking for and how much they are willing to pay for it. The step is essentially about understanding what you can offer to these customers in terms of value.First, you need to understand what the target group looks like for your business. You ’ll want to develop buyer personas, which are buyer profiles, for your product or service, as it allows you to better understand the value the customers are looking for and the prices they are able and willing to pay.You can see how you should identify buying personas from the below box:Corporate buyersPrivate buyersWhat is the size of the company? Small business, start-up, large corporation and so on.What groups are you targeting? Families, students, women, men and so on.Who in the company are you selling to? The buyer might be the human resources department, the accounting department, the CEO and so on.Gain more insights into creating and analyzing buyer persona from the following webinar. The buyer profiling doesn’t mean your business has a single target group. For example, if you are selling your product or service to corporations, you might well have to work with a number of different profiles. The key is just to identify the most common groups to make it easier to understa nd what the person is looking for.Once you’ve identified the buyer, you need to analyze their behavior in terms of buying the product or service. You want to focus on two key aspects:What are the elements of this product or service the buyer profile values the most?What is the realistic price range the buyer profile is willing to pay? For example, a student’s realistic buying power is lower than a corporate buyer’s ability to pay for products.The best way to find answers to the above questions is by surveying your target market. You can use online survey sites such as SurveyGizmo or SurveyMonkey and share your quiz on social media and the forums your target market is on. If you are attracting corporate clients, you can even send them these questionnaires directly.In the surveys, you should focus on two aspects mentioned above:In terms of value: Find out what are the elements the customer feels add quality to a product or service. You can even present them with options like “ Would you appreciate the speed of delivery over help with installation?”In terms of price: Ask directly what sort of price the customer would be willing to pay for the product or service. Focus on both the price point when the customer would no longer buy the product or service, as well as the price point in which they would consider paying, but might think it’s expensive. In addition to the actual price, compare also different payment mechanisms. For example, would the customer rather pay per month, per project, per use, etc.?Step 3: Combine and evaluate the different dataBy now, you should have collected price data on:What you used to charge for the product or service (if applicable)What competitors charge for their similar product or serviceWhat customers are willing to pay for your proposed product or serviceYou should input this data on Excel and create charts to see what type of patterns emerge. You might notice there’s a price point after which customer interest drops a nd find the sweet spot for what customers are willing to pay and which is a little below what competitors are charging.If you are selling to a number of different buyer groups, you’ll most likely notice wide variety in prices. You shouldn’t be afraid of using value-based pricing as a method of creating different pricing layers. Not only would you offer slightly different products to different buyers (remember that some might be only interested in certain elements), but you’d also find the product or service you offer provides different value to different customers.Step 4: Test and review your priceFinally, you need to remember that value-based pricing is just a concept. As we’ve mentioned before, you will likely see shifts in the value customers attach to the service as their needs change. The value is also affected by what the market has to offer, not to mention how your experience and expertise is likely only going to increase as time goes by.Therefore, the final step is a bout testing and reviewing your price. As you implement your new pricing method, you need to keep an eye on what it does to your sales. Furthermore, if you are just starting out and the business doesn’t seem to pick up, it’s worth considering that your value proposition might be wrong.Consider conducting more customer surveys or simply offering the product for a discount price to see if the sales pick up. If you are still not generating enough sales, you need to look beyond price and see whether there’s something wrong with the product or service, or your business model.In addition, if you are constantly busy and you have to say no to clients, you might want to consider adjusting the price upwards. It seems customers are enjoying your product or service and you might be able to generate a bit more profit with what you offer.Overall, don’t think value-based pricing is just a one-off process. You should regularly keep an eye on your prices and test what the market and the cust omers are saying about the value of your product or service.Learn more about how your company can transition from cost-based pricing to value-based pricing in the following slides.[slideshare id=15105178doc=organizationaltransformationtovalue-basedpricing-acasestudywithardexamericas-121109141900-phpapp01w=640h=330]CONCLUSIONConsidering that a simple 1% price increase can boost your profits by 11% on average, finding the right price for your products is crucial. Value-based pricing is a great strategy for products and services that offer that extra bit of something. When you aren’t just providing a generic service and when customers attach their own value to the product or service, this strategy works exceptionally well.Nonetheless, it is a time-consuming strategy and you need to research your product and the customer carefully. You must be aware of the things your potential customer is looking for and at what price would the customer turn his or her back on you.

Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3306 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This assignment is my guide to the final step of my dissertation. In this assignment, I will discuss in details about what I will do for my dissertation. First, I will discuss my topic and why I have chosen, it and I will indicate my research questions and sub-questions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problems Pupils Have In Reading Aloud" essay for you Create order Next, I will identify key areas I need to read about and I will summarize 11 books and articles that give useful theoretical background for my research. The topics I am interested include define reading, then the process, models, methods of teaching reading, strategies readers use and the miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies. This second section will help me build the literature review for my dissertation. Finally, I will describe my research procedure and research methods I am going to use. Section one: My topic and why I chose it My topic is about problems my pupils have in reading aloud and find ways of improving my pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading aloud. I have chosen this topic because in my experience as a teacher I faced and taught different kinds of pupils from different levels, I have found that most of them have problems in reading, particularly reading aloud. Some of them are good in reading aloud but have many do substitute other words, have omission of words or letter-sounds while reading. This could be due to lack of sight vocabulary, lack of phonic skills, lack of strategies for reading. Some of them canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t produce a single word. I discovered that pupils were learning nothing if they could not read aloud. My pupils who cannot read aloud have general difficulty in decode any reading text successfully. I believe my research is important because reading aloud is very important for my pupils in grade 9, which is closer to the final school leaving examinations in grade 12. I hope it may able me and my colleges to find the diagnoses to help the participants and in future to help all my pupils with their reading problems . In my research I wil try to analyze and describe their miscues in reading aloud according to their levels good, average and week. That time I couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do any thing about it because I didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the experience to help them. After I joined the B.A course and studied EDUC 2031 TEYL, EDUC2033 Initial Literacy, EDUC2028 Language learning from these modules I realized the nature of young learners how do they learn, how do they acquire new language and how to teach reading to young learners. As I understood the older ways of teaching reading focused on letters and words and how to say them, all language books are concerning on that view only. The new researches showed a different view which rely on development of all language skills so, because reading in a second language is seen as a thinking exercise thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not only concerned on reading words, sentences and pages only but it is on developing language as a whole. Reading is the main reason to build the personality of a person as I mentioned before and it is the main thing that teaching and learning stands on because it is a communication way between the learner and the academic culture in the schools . I would like my pupils to be able to use reading for study, for pleasure , to understand and to interact with what they learning. My pupils are in grade 9 of general education school at the age of 14 years old with different ability levels. They have been studying English for five years only using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our World Through Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They started leaning English from grade 4. In addition, they are similar in many things such as pupils environment, strengths and weakness areas they have. I decided to do research for my dissertation where I will focus on finding the difficulties my pupils face in reading aloud and helping me find ways to improve my pupils in reading aloud. Although my research will focus on reading aloud, from my experience a pupil cannot read aloud well, he can have little or no comprehension when he read silently. My research question is: How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils?. My sub-questions will be: What miscues my good pupils and weak pupils make when reading aloud? Based on my miscue analysis, what reading strategies do my good pupils and my weak pupils use when reading aloud? What reading strategies can I encourage my pupils to develop to improve their reading? In my research the subjects will be six pupils from 2 of them are good , the other 2 are average and the last 2 are weak pupils) (785 words) Section 2 Summaries of relevant literature The key areas I will need to read about for my research are: reading process models of reading Methods of teaching reading. reading strategies miscue analysis How miscue analysis can be used to identify the reading strategies that pupils use and the errors they make. In this section I discuss 11 books / articles that I want to use for my dissertation because they will help me to develop my understanding of issues related to my research. The aspects that are relevant to my study are summarized below. Urquhart and Weir(1998) Urquhart and Weir discuss three models of reading and I will state them here : Bottom up approach. They say this analyses begin with the stimulus, i.e. the text, or bits of the text. They say that in Goughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a scanner. The information thus gained is passed to decoder, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes, then word, then sentence then text. So à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bottom-up models are sequential in that one stage is completed before another is begunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Top-down approaches. Since bottom-up models starts with the smallest text unit, either letters or letter features, we could expect, then, that top-down models begin with the largest unit, the whole text. According to Urquhart and Weir for top-down model of reading, readers first use their background knowledge to help them make a sense from the text. So for top-down approaches background knowledge is very important. Interactive approach. In interactive models (Urquhart and Weir refer to Rumelhart, 1977), there is no regular sequence from top to bottom or from bottom up. They quote Stanovich à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best known proponent of interactive modelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, that in interactive models a pattern is synthesized based on information provided simultaneously from several sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1980:35). So in interactive approaches reader uses both small text units and background knowledge to make sense out of a text at the same time. Urquhart and Weir describes reading strategies to be a conscious response to difficulties in the text while reading action selected deliberately to achieve goals (Is this a Quotation?). Aebersold and Field (1997) Aebersold and Field also have sections on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). They also focus on the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience in learning how to read and the ways reading fits into their lives. They give five common influential sources for information that affect reading development, particularly family, the community and the school influence. They mention that despite relatively small size, a family can foster a variety of experience that affects a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reading development. They say that the community influence provides readers with a set of varied life experiences that also shape their individual knowledge. Thirdly the school can bring children into contact with communities other than their own or they can be homogeneous institution that reflect shared values. This is interesting because in Oman children learn English without much support from the family or the community and school does not bring child in contact to many other c ommunities. Riley (1996) This article has a section on models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive). The author discusses how schema theory describes the process by which readers combine their own background knowledge with the information in a text to help them comprehend that text. All readers carry different schemata (background information) and these are also often culture-specific. This is an important concept in ESL teaching, and many books have pre-reading tasks that are designed to build or activate the learners schemata. The author also highlights some of the limitations of the use of the schema-theory approach and points out the importance both of developing the learners vocabulary and of encouraging extensive reading. (This sounds as if it is copied. Beware plagiarism, Saif.) Wray and Medwell (1991) This article focuses on reading process , models of reading and approaches to teaching reading. In reading process, they mentioned that reading is a highly complicated process, and there are a number of insights and concepts that the successful reader must develop. In models of reading, they discuss bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models and they strongly criticize the bottom up model. They also have a section on teaching reading approaches look and say, phonic methods of teaching reading and language experience approach. I discuss these under Graton and Spratt (1998) below. Graton and Pratt (1998) This book have useful sections on methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience ) the methods teachers can use to teach pupils how to read. Most teachers use these methods to help their student in reading , sometimes they chooses one of these methods but some teachers work on two or more because they think each method is completed by the other. The phonic method as widely used from the language teachers to teach reading and writing in the English for second language learners. It is relies on children being taught the alphabet first. Then they learn to pronounce the sounds of the letters . However it is difficult to depend only to phonics because English is not a regular spelling language. The second method is look and say or whole word method. Here pupils learn to recognize whole words or sentences rather than individual sounds. The pupils will look at a word which the teacher sound, often with a picture, and in turns will repeat the word. The problem is that it does not teach children to work out new words for themselves. The context support method can be used when the pupils are just learning to read and it is important to choose exercises or activities that really interest them. If the pupils like cars, choose an activity or exercises with pictures and simple words about cars. This will keep their interest and they will enjoy learning with the teach. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce (2001) Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Malley and Valdez Pierce give a useful part about miscue analysis (p 124-5). They say it involves listening to a student reading aloud and recording the miscues. In types of miscues, they mention repetitions, substitutions, insertions, omissions and self-corrections. They also recommend the teacher must get the student to answer reading comprehension questions. They say miscue analysis can provide information about (1) the readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ability to use language and the reading process (2) it can be used for assessing reading, the readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approaches to reading and reading comprehension (3) information for revising approaches to teaching reading, how it can be used by teachers effectively to improve their learners reading. This book has useful lists of reading strategies (p 121-123) and suggest how miscue analysis can be used to identify reading strategies readers are using. The authors talk about reading in the native language then reading in second language, which I am interested in. The writers said that learners who do have native language literacy skills might not know how to transfer their skills to the second language without specific strategy instruction. Carter and Nunan (Eds.) (2001) Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) define reading strategies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ways of accessing text meaning which are employed flexibly and selectively in the course of reading. In teaching, attention is paid to the manner in which the reader is able to draw effectively on existing linguistic and background knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They list the good reading strategies that learners use to help them read in a very efficient way, to get maximum benefit from their reading with minimum effort. These include drawing inferences, predicting and using information in the text such as pictures. They also discuss miscue analysis in relation to reading strategies: As they say, miscue analysis refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the study of the text alterations conducted by the subject while the pupil reads the text and would be very impossible without reading aloudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) assert that for early readers miscue analysis can be used by teachers to assess the quality and quantity of learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s errors in their processing of text. First, this is especially useful for L2 learners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“who because of their interlanguage system may show systemic syntactic and phonological departures from Standard Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In addition, they argue that miscues will be based on learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ current interlanguage rather than because of misunderstanding the text. Wallace (2001) p26 in Carter and Nunan (2001) Wallace discusses miscue analysis and she focuses on how miscue analysis can be used for early readers to assess the quality and the quantity of learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ errors. Beard (1987) Beard has a section on miscue analysis and methods of teaching reading (whole word , phonics , language experience). The author focuses on miscue analysis and gives some models of how to use miscue analysis to develop pupilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reading and how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“miscue analysis can fulfill an important diagnostic function of a kind not readily offered by other more established means of reading assessment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Cameron (2001) The author has sections on reading strategies , models of reading (bottom up , top down and interactive) , methods of teaching reading(whole word , phonics , language experience ) and discusses how miscues can help the teacher identify the reading strategies a reader is using . The author gives an example from her experience of reading with a little Malaysian girl. The author mentioned that she had introduced her to the strategies such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"barà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, I pointed to the first letter , the sound of which she knew, and then she managed to sound out the wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ratherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I just told her the word and did not spend any time on it , because it was not crucial to the meaning of the story and is not a particularly useful word to learn at her stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. With the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mealsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ I told her the word and then explained the meaning as the story progressed and the heroine moved from break fast to tea.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When she came to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"watching TVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ she said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"washingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . From this miscue I could see that she was making a good attempt at the word and had noticed the initial consonant and the final rime.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ According to www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ miscue analysis refers to the study of text alterations made by the subject while s/he reads the text aloud. They summarise the research of Clay, Goodman and Weber (Davies 1995, p13) and they give a useful list of types of miscues. They say that the alterations often made by a reader are: Substitution (another word is pronounced instead of the printed word) Self-correction (the reader realizes his/her mistake and corrects by him/herself.) Repetition (the printed word is repeated orally) Omission (a word is missed from the text) Insertion (a word not in the text is added by the reader) Reversal (the word order gets changed or inverted) Hesitation (the reader pauses or makes a sound indicating hesitation) A long pause. The article also relates the miscues to approaches. It says that if a reader shows more hesitations, long pauses and self-correction, this shows a bottom up approach with the reader giving most attention to pronouncing the printed words. If a reader shows more miscues such as omission, insertion, reversal and substitution, this shows a more top-down approach where the reader is paying attention to the meaning of the whole text, not reading word by word. (Check this is not plagiarized. Can you give authors?) (1,910 words) How I will investigate my research question As discussed above, my research question will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils ? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ My Approach: For my approach and method, I read Blaxter, Hughes, Tight, (2000), Cohen, Manion, Morrison (2000), Nunan (1992). For my research approach, I will use an action research approach enabling me to investigate my own pupils over a period. Action research grows from the idea that a good teacher is one who reflects on what happens in the classroom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" possibly with a view to changing it. (EDUC3079 session3). My Method For my research I will plan to use miscue analysis and interviews. The miscue analysis will provide quantitative data and the interviews will provide qualitative data. I will select a text from the course book which is not familiar to my pupils , I will let them each to read aloud this text , I will record them while reading , then I will use miscue analyses to help me analyse their mistakes. Finally I will interview each pupil, I will ask questions to to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly. The research Procedure My research will include an unknown reading text from the OWTE course book that the six pupils will read it in order to have effective and organized results for my research question. This text from the course book OWTE that I think will be not familiar for the pupils because I gave it to them for the first time (See the appendix). First I will use pre-reading questions to prepare each pupil for the reading. Pre-reading is a way of sampling where the students are familiar to the content that you are going to give them. It is a useful strategy for beginning with a class, especially when classes contain students with mixed abilities coming from a diversity of backgrounds. Then each pupil will read the text and I record it. Then I will note down all the miscues. Finally I will interview them to examine their understanding, to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tel me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words and to try to find out why they faile d to read certain words correctly. My Expectations: I expect some problems, and here I discuss how I will overcome them: Miscue analysis, I cannot assume that any two pupils will have the same miscues. In addition, anxiety may cause artificial results. To overcome these problems, I will choose six pupils from different levels. I will try to get them relaxed, so I will tell them about the reason for my research, and I will do the recording in a quiet place, so we are undisturbed. Pupils may feel boring from doing reading every time, so I must prepare a good situation for them to feel comfortable. The main problem I think it is the time. These kinds of studies should not used in a short period because the researcher need to try many ways to investigate his pupils and his study in order to collect a valid, reliable data. Conclusion: The EDUC 3079 helped me a lot on finding solutions for many problems that I will face in future in my life as a teacher to help my pupils to reach the successes in their life as students. I learned how to read a lot and how to use the linguistics theories to help my pupils and to learn and discover the problems. The use of miscue analysis is a very useful way to solve pupils weaknesses in reading because it is allows me to focus on the problem it self , and how to deal with each problem individually.

Psychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior

Introduction- In the field of psychology, behaviorism was one of the theoretical ideas that changed quite drastically during the 20th century. Behaviorism tried to diminish the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, instead putting forward a new way to look at human behavior that is empirical (observed, quantified, and measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reaction to Darwinism and the theory of natural selection, some say the logical offshoot of 19th century social science, learning theory became extremely importantly by the end of the 19th and beginning of the early 20th centuries. One of the central aspects of the continual debate on learning theory is the difference between empirical and theoretical learning. Empirical learning is a process that compares items (objects) and finds observable characteristics and similarities. Theoretical learning holds that the individual is supplied with environmental stimuli (instruction, for instance) and a set ofShow MoreRelatedWhy Do We Do Your Regular Schedules?1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe right theory because I believe that everything a person does, why they think they way they do, why they do the things they do is because that’s how they were taught or trained to think or act. As children, we’re more perceptive and receptive than most people think, we lead by example and we reflect what we see from those around us, like a sort of mirror memory. Behaviorism is a theory in psychology and philosophy that emphasizes the outward behavioral aspects of thought. The theory is that humanRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1048 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat American psychologist whose theories, publications, and experiments had an enduring influence on psychology. Possibly his biggest contributions to psychology were his theory of behaviorism and his experiment on Little Albert. Though Watson’s experiments were extremely unethical and behaviorism doesn’t account for biological psychology, Watson was an extremely remarkable psychologist because of his principal of behaviorism and his findings on classical conditioning. Background John Broadus WatsonRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesamong them based on their theories and perspectives. Each theory and concept is like steps on a ladder that define prior events that lead to current day theory known as modern day psychology. Respectfully John B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism and B.F. Skinner is the founder of radical behaviorism, but Edward Tolman marches to a different drum and is known for developing cognitive theory. Herein we will compare and contrast each theory and formulate how each theory is imperative in 2012.Read MoreThe Theory Of Behaviorism Operant Conditioning993 Words   |  4 Pagesbehaviorism Operant Conditioning. He would rather study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. He felt that was the best way to see how one may react to a particular stimuli and how one would handle the situation. Skinner believed that if a behavior is reinforced the behavior will continue. This had a two sid ed effect. If the bad behavior was reinforced the bad behavior would continue. Such as the good behavior, if it is reinforced and rewarded, the good behavior will continue. AlbertRead MoreEssay on The Comparison of Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner892 Words   |  4 Pagestendency to trace nearly all psychological problems back to sexual issues. Although only parts of his theory of psychosexual development are still accepted by mainstream psychologists, Freuds theory of the Oedipal Complex has become a cultural icon (Freud, Sigmund, 2012). Freud is known for developing the use of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is based on the observation that people are often unaware of many of the things that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstratesRead MoreDiverse Nature of Psychology Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesperspectives on psychology. For their different views on human behaviors, cognition, perception, or social or psychological factors that may hinder ones behaviors or thought process. Theorist and their own views, beliefs and perspectives on psychology is a prime example of diversity, because as we all know no two individuals thinks nor perceives things even psychology within the same manner. With all the diverse perspectives, elements, and theories within psychology, it makes it a challenge for researchersRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 Pagesbehaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being . Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologist John B. Watson. Many of the concepts of analysis of behavior can be traced back to Pavlov. Pavlov focused on the behavior of animals. History of Behaviorism The history of behaviorism beganRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology is a vast field which consists of theories and approaches where it involves certain assumptions on human behavior. How they function and the aspects of the behavior that needs to be studied, in addition to the research methods that are needed to be followed in order to understand it thoroughly. These approaches provide characteristic viewpoints and emphasize different factors. These approaches have contributed towards the development of modern psychology in various ways. Read MoreSituational Conditioning And Classical Conditioning1053 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world today, psychology plays a huge role. There are many psychological factors people use on a day to day basis. Many factors such as the way people act, talk, think, and go about their day have some form of psychological conditioning or theory. However, people are unaware of the factors they put in on a day to day basis. Psychologists have made it so that people can fully comprehend these theories. This paper will show how everyday scenarios in the educational field can be broken down andRead MoreBehaviorism : A Psychological Perspective1018 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Espinoza Professor McMahon Psychology 101 11/2/15 Behaviorism Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that focuses on an individual’s behavior. The main theorist behind this perspective was John Broadus Watson, who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Through his behaviorist views, he spectated the behavior of humans and animals when put into different situations. Watson published and article titled â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it† where he explained his position

Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello Free Essays

Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello†, almost every character, and even the audience, is manipulated at least once. Iago, the villain, is responsible for most of this betrayal. He is a master at the art of deception. We will write a custom essay sample on Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now He gains the trust of the other characters by posing as a concerned friend. When they confide in him, he uses their weakness against them. He treats each character differently, telling them what they want to hear. He is so cunning that they are unaware of the manipulation and, after each encounter, trust him even more. With each lie, he moves closer to his goal of destroying Othello. Iago weaves an intricate web of deception. First, he targets Rodrigo. He preys on Rodrigo’s love for Desdemona and convinces him he can gain her affection if he helps him. Iago convinces Rodrigo that Desdemona will end her relationship with Othello if her father disapproves. Then, the two plot to involve Brabantio, Desdemona’s father. Iago speaks of how he will destroy Brabantio’s faith in his daughter when he says â€Å"Call up her father. Rouse him. Make after him; poison his delights† (1. 1. 70). He hereby manipulated Rodrigo, Brabantio, Desdemona and Othello in one swoop, still appearing to be the trustworthy confidant. The theme is further demonstrated through Iago’s manipulation of Othello, his main target. He is upset with his superior for promoting Cassio over him and has heard rumors that Othello slept with his wife. So, he begins planting the idea that Desdemona has been unfaithful with Cassio in Othello’s head. Iago says â€Å"Look to your wife. Observe her well with Cassio† (3. 3. 211). He proceeds to gain Othello’s trust and cultivates his deceit. He tells Othello he will get proof from Cassio by letting him listen in on their conversation. Cassio speaks of is date with Bianca, but Iago leads Othello to believe they are talking about Desdemona. At one point, Iago even enlists his wife to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, which he uses to further convince Othello of her infidelity. When his manipulation results in Othello murdering his wife and finally committing suicide, Iago achieves his goal of vengeance. Iago manipulates each character through their individual weakness until his plan is complete. He plays each person against each other for his agenda. Meanwhile he remains to be seen as the good guy. Blinded by their own inequities, Iago preys upon his unsuspecting victims and uses the as pawns in his elaborate plan to destroy Othello. They are easily manipulated by their trusted friend. Iago is so masterful in his deception at times even the audience is almost fooled by his misleading charm. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Othello. † Gioia, X. J. Kennedy and Dana. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing 7th Edition. Boston: Peason, 2013. 1009-1102. print. How to cite Manipulation in William Shakespeare’s Othello, Papers

The Vietnam War Essays (2762 words) - Vietnam War,

The Vietnam War The Vietnam War The Vietnam War is truly one of the most unique wars ever fought by the Unites States of by any country. It was never officially declared a war (Knowll, 3). It had no official beginning nor an official end. It was fought over 10,000 miles away in a virtually unknown country. The enemy and the allies looked exactly the alike, and may by day be a friend but by night become an enemy (Aaseng 113). It matched the tried and true tactics of World War Two against a hide, run, and shoot technique known as "Guerrilla Warfare." It matched some of the best trained soldiers in the world against largely an untrained militia of untrained farmers. The United States' soldiers had at least a meal to look forward to unlike the Communist Vietnamese soldiers who considered a fine cuisine to be cold rice and, if lucky, rat meat. The Vietnam War matched the most technically advanced country with one of the least advanced, and the lesser advanced not only beat but humiliated the strongest mi litary in the world (Aaseng, 111). When the war was finally showing signs of end, the Vietnamese returned to a newly unified communist country while the United Stated soldiers returned to be called "baby killers", and were often spat upon. With the complexities of war already long overdrawn because of the length of the war it is no wonder the returning solders often left home confused and returned home insane. Through an examination of the Vietnam War, in particular an event know as the My Lai Massacre, and the people involved with both, it can be proven that when the threshold for violence of a person is met or exceeded, the resulting psychological scarring becomes the most prominent reason for war being hell. Although officially, the Vietnam Conflict had neither a beginning nor an end, for the purpose of this paper it can be best examined through the decade the United States was involved: February 6, 1965 - August 30, 1975. During World War Two the French had been a major ally to the United States in the defeat of Adolph Hitler and the Axis Powers. France occupied and claimed the small coastline country of Vietnam in Indochina. In this region there had been recent Communist uprisings funded by the USSR The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years: self rule. In 1950 the United States, owing a debt of gratitude towards France, sent several advisors to aid French control in Vietnam. Over the next decade and a half, the United States would send an entire Army and Navy to aid the French in maintaining control in South Vietnam, which had separated from the Communist North Vietnam by treaty in 1954. In early August of 1964 a small Vietcong (term used to identify South Vietnamese in favor of communism and unification) patrol boat had an encounter with a United States war ship in the Gulf of Tonkin. Gunfire was exchanged, and, in the end, President Johnson agreed to allow aggressive retaliation. On Feb ruary 6, 1965, the United States began the bombing of North Vietnamese cities, marking the unofficial start of the Vietnam War (Winthrop, 853-861). In the years of the war to follow, the media began to play a role. Photo-journalists would accompany platoons on missions and, through the aid of cameras and video equipment, relate the stories to the American at home. Every night for the length of the war news programs were saturated with reports of the happenings in Vietnam and death tolls for the day. Grossly eggzrated enemy casualty numbers were reported, giving the public a false view of happenings of the war. Suddenly on January 30, 1968 a Vietcong uprising, now commonly known as the Tet Offensive, took place. Tet is the Vietnamese new year and is commonly accepted as a cease-fire. With a cease-fire in effect, most major cities' defensives were less tight. As if all at once, more than one hundred South Vietnamese cities were being shelled with Vietcong gunfire. Included in the citi es were Saigon, capital of South Vietnam and home to the United